Calmar ratio — return / max drawdown
Marek 3-letni track: +35% rocznie, max DD 12%. Calmar = 35/12 = 2.9. Excellent! Marek myśli o scaling capital z €15k do €100k. Calmar mówi: per unit max DD ryzyka, zarabia 2.9× tej wartości. Pro-tier metric. Tu pokazujemy mechanikę.
Czym jest Calmar
Calmar ratio = Annual Return / Max Drawdown. Stworzony przez Terry W. Young w 1991. CALMAR = CALifornia Managed Account Reports (newsletter Young\'a).
Simplest pojęciowo z 3 main risk-adjusted ratios. Mierzy ile rocznie zarabiasz per unit max drawdown ryzyka.
Examples:
- +30% rocznie, max DD 15% → Calmar 2.0
- +50% rocznie, max DD 25% → Calmar 2.0 (same risk-adjusted)
- +20% rocznie, max DD 5% → Calmar 4.0 (lepsze)
Formula i calculation
Formula:
Calmar = Annualized Return / Max Drawdown
Components:
- Annualized Return: total return adjusted to yearly basis
- Max Drawdown: largest peak-to-trough decline w track record
- Oba jako % (przykład: +30% / 15% = 2.0)
Marek case
Calmar vs Sharpe vs Sortino
Benchmarks
Real examples: S&P 500 ~0.4. Top CTAs 0.5-1.0. Bridgewater Pure Alpha ~0.7. Renaissance Medallion ~6+. Top retail 5-yr: 1.5-3.
Sample size matters
Calmar bardzo sensitive na sample size:
- 1-year: unreliable. Single bad month destroys.
- 3-year: marginal. Some market cycles missed.
- 5-year: minimum dla reliable. Full market cycle.
- 10-year: gold standard. Multiple cycles.
Praktyka retail: większość traderów ma < 5-year track. Calmar early years not meaningful. Report z disclosure: „2-year Calmar 2.5 (limited track record)".
„Calmar simplest pojęciowo — return per unit DD ryzyka. Najlepszy dla drawdown-sensitive investors. Pro-tier metric."
Best practice — multi-metric report
Professional trader monthly performance report:
- Annual return: headline number
- Max drawdown: worst case ryzyko
- Sharpe ratio: volatility-adjusted
- Sortino ratio: downside-adjusted
- Calmar ratio: DD-adjusted
- Win rate, profit factor: trade quality
- Track record length: contextual
Hedge funds 99%+ report multi-metric. Retail traderzy z aspiracjami professional powinni copy ten format.
Wnioski
Calmar ratio = Annual Return / Max Drawdown. Terry W. Young 1991. Simplest concept z 3 main ratios.
Marek case: 35%/12% = Calmar 2.92. Excellent top hedge fund tier.
Benchmarks: > 1 good (top retail), > 2 excellent (hedge funds), > 5 outstanding.
Best dla: drawdown-sensitive investors. Simpler niż Sharpe/Sortino (no statistical deviation needed).
Sample size critical: 5-year minimum dla reliable. Report z track record length disclosure.
Best practice: report Sharpe + Sortino + Calmar together. Hedge fund quality standard.
Powiązane: Sharpe ratio volatility-adjusted, Sortino ratio downside-adjusted, max drawdown kluczowe input.
Źródła i bibliografia
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Terry W. Young Calmar Ratio · oryginał 1991 www.investopedia.com ↗
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CFA Institute Drawdown metrics · institutional www.cfainstitute.org ↗
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myfxbook Calmar auto-calc · free tool www.myfxbook.com ↗
Najczęstsze pytania
Co to Calmar?
Calmar ratio = Annual Return / Max Drawdown. Stworzony przez Terry W. Young w 1991 roku. CALMAR = CALifornia Managed Account Reports (newsletter Young'a). Simplest pojęciowo z 3 main ratios. Mierzy ile rocznie zarabiasz per unit max drawdown ryzyka. Examples: +30% rocznie, max DD 15% = Calmar 2.0. +50%, max DD 25% = Calmar 2.0 (same risk-adjusted). +20%, max DD 5% = Calmar 4.0 (lepsze). Diff vs Sharpe/Sortino: nie uses volatility deviation, tylko worst observed drawdown. Cleaner concept. Inwestorzy wreszcie understand: „ile risk dla tych returns?".
Calmar vs Sharpe vs Sortino?
3 ratios mierzą different aspects: Sharpe: overall volatility-adjusted return. Best dla symmetric distributions. Sortino: downside volatility-adjusted. Best dla asymmetric/skewed distributions. Calmar: max drawdown-adjusted. Best dla drawdown-sensitive investors. Diff: Sharpe/Sortino use standard deviation (statistical), Calmar uses observed max DD (empirical). Calmar conceptually simpler. Praktyka: hedge funds report all 3. Retail traderzy often start z Calmar (intuicyjne), then learn Sharpe/Sortino. Limitation Calmar: bardzo sensitive na single bad period. 1 bad year w 10-year track = bias Calmar low. Sharpe smoother, multi-period averaging.
Calmar benchmarks?
Standard interpretation: < 0.5: bad. Strategy ryzyko > return. 0.5-1.0: acceptable. 1.0-2.0: good. Top retail target. 2.0-5.0: excellent. Top hedge funds. > 5.0: outstanding. Renaissance Medallion historyczne ~6-7. Examples: S&P 500 long-term Calmar ~0.4 (10% return / 25% max DD historical). Top trend-following CTAs 0.5-1.0. Bridgewater Pure Alpha ~0.7. Renaissance ~6+. Top retail 5-yr profitable: 1.5-3. Beginnerzy: often Calmar < 0.5 (high DD, modest returns). Improvement: lower max DD (better SL discipline) lub increase returns (better strategy). 5-year track minimum dla reliable Calmar.
Sample size matters?
Tak, dramatically. 1-year Calmar: unreliable. Single bad month może destroy Calmar (1 month -20% w year +30% = Calmar 1.5, ale rok później może być normal +30% / -10% DD = Calmar 3.0). 3-year Calmar: marginal. 5-year Calmar: minimum dla reliable. Captures full market cycle. 10-year Calmar: gold standard. Top hedge funds reportują 10-year+. Praktyka retail: większość traderów ma < 5-year track. Calmar early years not meaningful. Best practice: report Calmar z disclosure track record length. „2-year Calmar 2.5" musi być z caveat „limited track record".