{
  "series": "EXR.D.USD.EUR.SP00.A",
  "raw_sha256": "12bda408fce288c0d9f68de03beffc6d89592a8fde37aff2d336b122baaddab3",
  "unit": "USD per EUR",
  "split_policy": "Each five-year subperiod resets its predecessor at its own first observation: no 2020-2021 bridging change in 2021-2025. Full 2016-2025 period includes that one bridge. No pre-2016 rate added. Drawdown peak resets at each subperiod start.",
  "stdev_policy": "Headline population standard deviation (denominator n) describes these observed changes. Sample standard deviation (n-1) also supplied. Neither is annualised or an estimate of future trading risk.",
  "quantile_policy": "Linear interpolation at (n-1)*p (type 7); no resampling or normal distribution fit.",
  "change_policy": "100*(P_t/P_previous-1) and 100*ln(P_t/P_previous), between consecutive published observations, not necessarily 24 hours.",
  "drawdown_policy": "Largest percentage decline of USD-per-EUR reference rate from an earlier observed running peak within the selected period; no equity, leverage, spread, financing or intraday path.",
  "quality": {
    "rows": 2560,
    "duplicates": 0,
    "nonpositive_values": 0,
    "nonfinite_values": 0,
    "observation_status_counts": {
      "A": 2560
    },
    "filled_missing_dates": 0,
    "note": "No calendar completion or missing-weekend inference; changes use available consecutive observations."
  },
  "periods": [
    {
      "period": "2016-2020",
      "first_date": "2016-01-04",
      "last_date": "2020-12-31",
      "observations": 1279,
      "changes": 1278,
      "first_rate": 1.0898,
      "last_rate": 1.2271,
      "endpoint_change_pct": 12.598641952651857,
      "simple": {
        "count": 1278,
        "mean_pct": 0.010377364005239963,
        "population_stdev_pct": 0.46747102767997784,
        "sample_stdev_pct": 0.46765402671915807,
        "mean_absolute_pct": 0.3520672107687765,
        "min_pct": -2.8360698920010585,
        "max_pct": 2.497027348394787,
        "quantiles_pct": {
          "0.01": -1.1116677721425152,
          "0.05": -0.7032087348463473,
          "0.25": -0.2722405822571966,
          "0.5": -0.008780828274862484,
          "0.75": 0.26920216150336795,
          "0.95": 0.78194847941909,
          "0.99": 1.1874450880113874
        }
      },
      "log": {
        "count": 1278,
        "mean_pct": 0.0092847784689752,
        "population_stdev_pct": 0.4673068593499417,
        "sample_stdev_pct": 0.4674897941227934,
        "mean_absolute_pct": 0.3519909068935627,
        "min_pct": -2.8770632816296096,
        "max_pct": 2.4663610690745226,
        "quantiles_pct": {
          "0.01": -1.1178930589038725,
          "0.05": -0.7056929124652298,
          "0.25": -0.2726118312977342,
          "0.5": -0.008781213813942024,
          "0.75": 0.26884043080197934,
          "0.95": 0.7789070604988434,
          "0.99": 1.1804493120980346
        }
      },
      "simple_absolute_gt_1pct_count": 49,
      "simple_absolute_gt_1pct_share": 0.03834115805946792,
      "unchanged_rate_count": 5,
      "calendar_day_gaps": {
        "1": 1012,
        "2": 4,
        "3": 251,
        "4": 5,
        "5": 6
      },
      "max_drawdown_reference_rate": {
        "maximum_decline_pct": 14.296005763227415,
        "peak_date": "2018-02-15",
        "peak_rate": 1.2493,
        "trough_date": "2020-03-20",
        "trough_rate": 1.0707,
        "calendar_days_peak_to_trough": 764,
        "first_recovery_date_within_selected_period": null,
        "end_drawdown_pct": -1.7769951172656673
      },
      "minimum_change_observation": {
        "date": "2016-06-24",
        "previous_date": "2016-06-23",
        "calendar_days": 1,
        "rate_usd_per_eur": 1.1066,
        "previous_rate_usd_per_eur": 1.1389,
        "simple_change_pct": -2.8360698920010585,
        "log_change_pct": -2.8770632816296096
      },
      "maximum_change_observation": {
        "date": "2016-02-04",
        "previous_date": "2016-02-03",
        "calendar_days": 1,
        "rate_usd_per_eur": 1.1206,
        "previous_rate_usd_per_eur": 1.0933,
        "simple_change_pct": 2.497027348394787,
        "log_change_pct": 2.4663610690745226
      },
      "log_histogram": [
        {
          "label": "less than -1%",
          "lower": null,
          "upper": -1,
          "count": 23
        },
        {
          "label": "[-1%, -0.5%)",
          "lower": -1,
          "upper": -0.5,
          "count": 115
        },
        {
          "label": "[-0.5%, -0.25%)",
          "lower": -0.5,
          "upper": -0.25,
          "count": 208
        },
        {
          "label": "[-0.25%, 0%)",
          "lower": -0.25,
          "upper": 0,
          "count": 296
        },
        {
          "label": "[0%, 0.25%)",
          "lower": 0,
          "upper": 0.25,
          "count": 293
        },
        {
          "label": "[0.25%, 0.5%)",
          "lower": 0.25,
          "upper": 0.5,
          "count": 186
        },
        {
          "label": "[0.5%, 1%)",
          "lower": 0.5,
          "upper": 1,
          "count": 131
        },
        {
          "label": "at least 1%",
          "lower": 1,
          "upper": null,
          "count": 26
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "period": "2021-2025",
      "first_date": "2021-01-04",
      "last_date": "2025-12-31",
      "observations": 1281,
      "changes": 1280,
      "first_rate": 1.2296,
      "last_rate": 1.175,
      "endpoint_change_pct": -4.440468445022772,
      "simple": {
        "count": 1280,
        "mean_pct": -0.0024048663565597993,
        "population_stdev_pct": 0.47852514918430444,
        "sample_stdev_pct": 0.4787121826677738,
        "mean_absolute_pct": 0.3419957461851056,
        "min_pct": -1.8537212076718323,
        "max_pct": 3.5563592525617915,
        "quantiles_pct": {
          "0.01": -1.2986903998209272,
          "0.05": -0.7417610693266197,
          "0.25": -0.24372606154575427,
          "0.5": -0.00826998844992155,
          "0.75": 0.26022321705490015,
          "0.95": 0.7508845058672753,
          "0.99": 1.2983428035870097
        }
      },
      "log": {
        "count": 1280,
        "mean_pct": -0.003548497316103595,
        "population_stdev_pct": 0.4781079365277273,
        "sample_stdev_pct": 0.47829480694194815,
        "mean_absolute_pct": 0.34196930661111197,
        "min_pct": -1.8711179460380076,
        "max_pct": 3.494581235375626,
        "quantiles_pct": {
          "0.01": -1.3071971396874553,
          "0.05": -0.7445258251232713,
          "0.25": -0.24402355799208764,
          "0.5": -0.008270330434716368,
          "0.75": 0.2598852224557518,
          "0.95": 0.7480794012853196,
          "0.99": 1.289986576766354
        }
      },
      "simple_absolute_gt_1pct_count": 65,
      "simple_absolute_gt_1pct_share": 0.05078125,
      "unchanged_rate_count": 11,
      "calendar_day_gaps": {
        "1": 1016,
        "2": 3,
        "3": 251,
        "4": 3,
        "5": 7
      },
      "max_drawdown_reference_rate": {
        "maximum_decline_pct": 22.47527962392608,
        "peak_date": "2021-01-06",
        "peak_rate": 1.2338,
        "trough_date": "2022-09-28",
        "trough_rate": 0.9565,
        "calendar_days_peak_to_trough": 630,
        "first_recovery_date_within_selected_period": null,
        "end_drawdown_pct": -4.765764305397957
      },
      "minimum_change_observation": {
        "date": "2024-11-06",
        "previous_date": "2024-11-05",
        "calendar_days": 1,
        "rate_usd_per_eur": 1.0695,
        "previous_rate_usd_per_eur": 1.0897,
        "simple_change_pct": -1.8537212076718323,
        "log_change_pct": -1.8711179460380076
      },
      "maximum_change_observation": {
        "date": "2022-11-11",
        "previous_date": "2022-11-10",
        "calendar_days": 1,
        "rate_usd_per_eur": 1.0308,
        "previous_rate_usd_per_eur": 0.9954,
        "simple_change_pct": 3.5563592525617915,
        "log_change_pct": 3.494581235375626
      },
      "log_histogram": [
        {
          "label": "less than -1%",
          "lower": null,
          "upper": -1,
          "count": 36
        },
        {
          "label": "[-1%, -0.5%)",
          "lower": -1,
          "upper": -0.5,
          "count": 116
        },
        {
          "label": "[-0.5%, -0.25%)",
          "lower": -0.5,
          "upper": -0.25,
          "count": 164
        },
        {
          "label": "[-0.25%, 0%)",
          "lower": -0.25,
          "upper": 0,
          "count": 325
        },
        {
          "label": "[0%, 0.25%)",
          "lower": 0,
          "upper": 0.25,
          "count": 308
        },
        {
          "label": "[0.25%, 0.5%)",
          "lower": 0.25,
          "upper": 0.5,
          "count": 202
        },
        {
          "label": "[0.5%, 1%)",
          "lower": 0.5,
          "upper": 1,
          "count": 100
        },
        {
          "label": "at least 1%",
          "lower": 1,
          "upper": null,
          "count": 29
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "period": "2016-2025",
      "first_date": "2016-01-04",
      "last_date": "2025-12-31",
      "observations": 2560,
      "changes": 2559,
      "first_rate": 1.0898,
      "last_rate": 1.175,
      "endpoint_change_pct": 7.817948247384843,
      "simple": {
        "count": 2559,
        "mean_pct": 0.004059310136557053,
        "population_stdev_pct": 0.47300190640464135,
        "sample_stdev_pct": 0.47309435278613676,
        "mean_absolute_pct": 0.3469715446879956,
        "min_pct": -2.8360698920010585,
        "max_pct": 3.5563592525617915,
        "quantiles_pct": {
          "0.01": -1.2126628421450716,
          "0.05": -0.7214754369267806,
          "0.25": -0.26121048689283777,
          "0.5": -0.008418217021632923,
          "0.75": 0.2644570145451386,
          "0.95": 0.7679567899070028,
          "0.99": 1.248133286130677
        }
      },
      "log": {
        "count": 2559,
        "mean_pct": 0.002941537883128602,
        "population_stdev_pct": 0.4727102648415951,
        "sample_stdev_pct": 0.4728026542228822,
        "mean_absolute_pct": 0.3469201315343434,
        "min_pct": -2.8770632816296096,
        "max_pct": 3.494581235375626,
        "quantiles_pct": {
          "0.01": -1.2200756381953433,
          "0.05": -0.7240906679043116,
          "0.25": -0.26155223735046806,
          "0.5": -0.008418571373408913,
          "0.75": 0.2641079422344723,
          "0.95": 0.7650230122080132,
          "0.99": 1.240408174987101
        }
      },
      "simple_absolute_gt_1pct_count": 114,
      "simple_absolute_gt_1pct_share": 0.044548651817116064,
      "unchanged_rate_count": 16,
      "calendar_day_gaps": {
        "1": 2028,
        "2": 7,
        "3": 502,
        "4": 9,
        "5": 13
      },
      "max_drawdown_reference_rate": {
        "maximum_decline_pct": 23.437124789882336,
        "peak_date": "2018-02-15",
        "peak_rate": 1.2493,
        "trough_date": "2022-09-28",
        "trough_rate": 0.9565,
        "calendar_days_peak_to_trough": 1686,
        "first_recovery_date_within_selected_period": null,
        "end_drawdown_pct": -5.947330505082848
      },
      "minimum_change_observation": {
        "date": "2016-06-24",
        "previous_date": "2016-06-23",
        "calendar_days": 1,
        "rate_usd_per_eur": 1.1066,
        "previous_rate_usd_per_eur": 1.1389,
        "simple_change_pct": -2.8360698920010585,
        "log_change_pct": -2.8770632816296096
      },
      "maximum_change_observation": {
        "date": "2022-11-11",
        "previous_date": "2022-11-10",
        "calendar_days": 1,
        "rate_usd_per_eur": 1.0308,
        "previous_rate_usd_per_eur": 0.9954,
        "simple_change_pct": 3.5563592525617915,
        "log_change_pct": 3.494581235375626
      },
      "log_histogram": [
        {
          "label": "less than -1%",
          "lower": null,
          "upper": -1,
          "count": 59
        },
        {
          "label": "[-1%, -0.5%)",
          "lower": -1,
          "upper": -0.5,
          "count": 231
        },
        {
          "label": "[-0.5%, -0.25%)",
          "lower": -0.5,
          "upper": -0.25,
          "count": 372
        },
        {
          "label": "[-0.25%, 0%)",
          "lower": -0.25,
          "upper": 0,
          "count": 621
        },
        {
          "label": "[0%, 0.25%)",
          "lower": 0,
          "upper": 0.25,
          "count": 602
        },
        {
          "label": "[0.25%, 0.5%)",
          "lower": 0.25,
          "upper": 0.5,
          "count": 388
        },
        {
          "label": "[0.5%, 1%)",
          "lower": 0.5,
          "upper": 1,
          "count": 231
        },
        {
          "label": "at least 1%",
          "lower": 1,
          "upper": null,
          "count": 55
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}
